I was dissatisfied with "read a blog post that may or may not be out of date", and ran this down as close to the source of truth as possible. From what I can tell, these values are documented in the schema browser under the enum tab, which it's difficult to find your way to directly:
https://www.netsuite.com/help/helpcenter/en_US/srbrowser/Browser2023_2/schema/enum/salesorderorderstatus.html?mode=package
They just assign the letters in order of occurrence. I created a code generation step that lets me just copy the values documented at the above link and creates a full pseudo-enum in typescript with the results