Or even trying to execute this

require(['N/record'], function (record) {
    var note = record.create({type: 'note'});
    note.setValue({fieldId: 'title', value: 'Console'});
    note.setValue({fieldId: 'note', value: 'Console'});
    note.setValue({fieldId: 'transaction', value: '4309291'});
    note.save();
});

The type here you are providing I think is incorrect. It should be something from the Record.type enum of NS. Like for SO it is _Record.type.SALES_ORDER_ Hope you get the idea. Although I don't know the transaction type for Note in SS-2.0. Bit maybe someone else in the group might know and reply.